Aves in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae

In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus listed the 564 species of bird from around the world which were known to him at the time.^[1] There are now believed to be around 10,000 extant species.^[2][3] Linnaeus described the class Aves as:^[4]

A beautiful and cheerful portion of created nature consisting of animals having a body covered with feathers and down; protracted and naked jaws (the beak), two wings formed for flight, and two feet. They are areal, vocal, swift and light, and destitute of external ears, lips, teeth, scrotum, womb, bladder, epiglottis, corpus callosum and its arch, and diaphragm.

Linnaean Characteristics ^[4]

• Heart: 2 auricles, 2 ventricles. Warm, dark red blood
• Lungs: respires alternately
• Jaw: incombent, naked, extended, without teeth
• Eggs: covered with a calcareous shell
• Organs of Sense: tongue, nostrils, eyes, and ears without auricles
• Covering: incumbent, imbricate feathers
• Supports: 2 feet, 2 wings; and a heart-shaped rump. Flies in the Air & Sings

Linnaeus divided the birds based upon the characters of the bill and feet.^[5]

Contents 1 Accipitres 2 Picae 3 Anseres 4 Grallae 5 Gallinae 6 Passeres 7 Notes 8 References

Accipitres

Vultur (vultures & condors)

• Vultur gryphus – Andean Condor
• Vultur harpyja – Harpy Eagle
• Vultur papa – King Vulture
• Vultur aura – Turkey Vulture ^[6]
• Vultur barbatus – Bearded Vulture
• Vultur percnopterus – Egyptian Vulture

Falco (falcons, eagles, & kin)

• Falco melanaetus – Eastern Imperial Eagle (now Aquila heliaca Savigny, 1809) ^[7]
• Falco chrysaetos & Falco fulvus – Golden Eagle
• Falco canadensis – Golden Eagle (North American subspecies) ^[6]
• Falco rusticolus – Gyrfalcon
• Falco barbarus – [nomen dubium]
• Falco caerulescens – Collared Falconet
• Falco albicilla – Bald Eagle ^[6]
• Falco pygargus – Montagu's Harrier
• Falco milvus – Red Kite
• Falco forficatus – Swallow-tailed Kite ^[6]
• Falco gentilis & Falco palumbarius – Northern Goshawk ^[8]
• Falco subbuteo – Eurasian Hobby
• Falco buteo – Common Buzzard
• Falco tinnunculus – Common Kestrel
• Falco cachinnans & Falco sufflator – Laughing Falcon ^[9]
• Falco sparverius – American Kestrel ^[6]
• Falco columbarius – Merlin
• Falco lanarius – Lanner Falcon (now Falco biarmicus Temminck, 1825)
• Falco haliaetus – Osprey
• Falco gyrfalco – Gyrfalcon ^[10]
• Falco apivorus – Honey Buzzard
• Falco aeruginosus – Western Marsh Harrier
• Falco nisus – Eurasian Sparrowhawk

Strix (owls)

• Strix bubo – Eurasian Eagle-owl
• Strix scandiaca & Strix nyctea – Snowy Owl ^[6]
• Strix asio – Eastern Screech Owl ^[6]
• Strix otus – Long-eared Owl
• Strix scops – Eurasian Scops-owl
• Strix aluco & Strix stridula – Tawny Owl
• Strix funerea – Tengmalm's Owl
• Strix ulula – Northern Hawk Owl
• Strix passerina – Eurasian Pygmy Owl

Lanius (shrikes)

• Lanius cristatus – Brown Shrike
• Lanius excubitor – Great Grey Shrike
• Lanius collurio – Red-backed Shrike
• Lanius tyrannus – Eastern Kingbird ^[6]
• Lanius carnifex – Guianan Red-cotinga
• Lanius schach – Long-tailed Shrike
• Lanius senator – Woodchat Shrike
• Lanius caerulescens – White-bellied Drongo
• Lanius jocosus – Red-whiskered Bulbul
• Lanius garrulus – Bohemian Waxwing

Picae

Psittacus (parrots)

• Psittacus macao – Scarlet Macaw
• Psittacus ararauna – Blue-and-yellow Macaw
• Psittacus obscurus
• Psittacus nobilis – Red-shouldered Macaw
• Psittacus severus – Chestnut-fronted Macaw
• Psittacus borneus – Red Lory
• Psittacus solstitialis – Sun Parakeet
• Psittacus carolinensis – Carolina Parakeet ^[6]
• Psittacus alexandri – Red-breasted Parakeet
• Psittacus pertinax & Psittacus aeruginosus – Brown-throated Parakeet^[11]
• Psittacus canicularis – Orange-fronted Parakeet
• Psittacus rufirostris
• Psittacus ornatus – Ornate Lorikeet
• Psittacus agilis – Black-billed Amazon
• Psittacus cristatus
• Psittacus niger – Lesser Vasa Parrot
• Psittacus sordidus – Red-billed Parrot
• Psittacus erythroleucus
• Psittacus erithaeus – African Gray Parrot
• Psittacus garrulus – Chattering Lory
• Psittacus aurorae
• Psittacus domicella – Purple-naped Lory
• Psittacus lory – Black-capped Lory
• Psittacus caerulocephalus
• Psittacus aestivus – Blue-fronted Amazon
• Psittacus paradisi
• Psittacus festivus – Festive Amazon
• Psittacus autumnalis – Red-lored Amazon
• Psittacus accipitrinus – Red-fan Parrot
• Psittacus melanocephalus – Black-headed Parrot
• Psittacus collarius – Yellow-billed Amazon
• Psittacus pullarius – Red-headed Lovebird
• Psittacus galgulus – Blue-crowned Hanging Parrot
• Psittacus passerinus – Green-rumped Parrotlet

Ramphastos (Toucans) ^[12]

• Ramphastos piperivorus – [nomen dubium]
• Ramphastos tucanus – White-throated Toucan
• Ramphastos picatus – [nomen dubium]
• Ramphastos aracari – Black-necked Aracari

Buceros (hornbills)

• Buceros bicornis – Great Hornbill
• Buceros rhinoceros – Rhinoceros Hornbill

Crotophaga (anis)

• Crotophaga ani – Smooth-billed Ani ^[6]

Corvus (crows & ravens)

• Corvus corax – Common Raven
• Corvus corone – Carrion Crow
• Corvus frugilegus – Rook
• Corvus cornix – Hooded Crow
• Corvus benghalensis – Indian Roller ^[13]
• Corvus monedula – Jackdaw
• Corvus glandarius – Eurasian Jay
• Corvus cristatus – Blue Jay ^[6]
• Corvus caryocatactes – Spotted Nutcracker
• Corvus pica – European Magpie
• Corvus paradisi – Asian Paradise-flycatcher
• Corvus infaustus – Siberian Jay

Coracias (rollers & orioles)

• Coracias garrulus – European Roller
• Coracias caffra
• Coracias oriolus – Golden Oriole
• Coracias galbula – Baltimore Oriole ^[6]
• Coracias aurea – Flame Bowerbird
• Coracias xanthornus – Black-hooded Oriole

Gracula (mynas)

• Gracula religiosa – Common Hill Myna
• Gracula foetida – Bare-necked Fruitcrow
• Gracula barita – [nomen dubium], possibly Carib Grackle ^[14]
• Gracula cristatella – Crested Myna ^[15]
• Gracula saularis – Oriental Magpie Robin
• Gracula quiscula – Common Grackle ^[6]
• Gracula atthis – Common Kingfisher

Paradisea (birds-of-paradise)

• Paradisea apoda – Greater Bird-of-paradise
• Paradisea regia – King Bird-of-paradise

Cuculus (cuckoos)

• Cuculus canorus – Common Cuckoo
• Cuculus persa – Guinea Turaco
• Cuculus vetula – Jamaican Lizard-cuckoo
• Cuculus glandarius – Great Spotted Cuckoo
• Cuculus scolopaceus – Asian Koel
• Cuculus niger
• Cuculus americanus – Yellow-billed Cuckoo ^[6]
• Cuculus auratus – Northern Flicker

Jynx (wrynecks)

• Jynx torquilla – Eurasian Wryneck

Picus (woodpeckers)

• Picus martius – Black Woodpecker
• Picus principalis – Ivory-billed Woodpecker
• Picus pileatus – Pileated Woodpecker ^[6]
• Picus hirundinaceus
• Picus erythrocephalus – Red-headed Woodpecker ^[6]
• Picus carolinus – Red-bellied Woodpecker ^[6]
• Picus viridis – European Green Woodpecker
• Picus benghalensis – Black-rumped Flameback
• Picus semirostris – a "monstrosity" ^[16]
• Picus major – Great Spotted Woodpecker
• Picus medius – Middle Spotted Woodpecker
• Picus minor – Lesser Spotted Woodpecker
• Picus tridactylus – Eurasian Three-toed Woodpecker ^[6]

Sitta (nuthatches)

• Sitta europaea – Eurasian Nuthatch

Alcedo (kingfishers)

• Alcedo ispida – Subspecies of Common Kingfisher
• Alcedo erithaca – Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher
• Alcedo alcyon – Belted Kingfisher ^[6]
• Alcedo todus – Jamaican Tody
• Alcedo smyrnensis – White-throated Kingfisher
• Alcedo rudis – Pied Kingfisher
• Alcedo dea – Paradise Jacamar

Merops (bee-eaters)

• Merops apiaster – European Bee-eater
• Merops viridis – Blue-throated Bee-eater
• Merops cinereus
• Merops cafer – Cape Sugarbird

Upupa (hoopoes)

• Upupa epops – Eurasian Hoopoe
• Upupa paradisea
• Upupa eremita – Northern Bald Ibis
• Upupa pyrrhocorax – Red-billed Chough

Certhia (treecreepers)

• Certhia familiaris – Eurasian Treecreeper
• Certhia pusilla
• Certhia caerulea – Purple Honeycreeper
• Certhia cruentata – Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker
• Certhia flaveola – Bananaquit

Trochilus (hummingbirds)

• Trochilus paradiseus
• Trochilus afer
• Trochilus pella – Crimson Topaz
• Trochilus polytmus – Red-billed Streamertail
• Trochilus forficatus
• Trochilus colubris – Ruby-throated Hummingbird ^[6]
• Trochilus ourissia
• Trochilus mosquitus – Ruby-topaz Hummingbird
• Trochilus holosericeus – Green-throated Carib
• Trochilus mellisugus – Blue-tailed Emerald
• Trochilus tomineo
• Trochilus surinamensis
• Trochilus niger – Sooty Barbthroat
• Trochilus mellivorus – White-necked Jacobin
• Trochilus ruber – Reddish Hermit
• Trochilus mango – Jamaican Mango
• Trochilus cristatus – Antillean Crested Hummingbird
• Trochilus minimus – Vervain Hummingbird

Anseres

Anas (ducks, geese, & swans)

• Anas cygnus – Whooper Swan
• Anas cygnoides – Swan Goose
• Anas tadorna – Common Shelduck
• Anas spectabilis – King Eider ^[6]
• Anas fusca – Velvet Scoter
• Anas nigra – Common Scoter
• Anas anser – Greylag Goose
• Anas erythropus – Lesser White-fronted Goose ^[6]
• Anas canadensis – Canada Goose ^[6]
• Anas caerulescens – Snow Goose
• Anas bernicla – Brant Goose
• Anas mollissima – Common Eider
• Anas moschata – Muscovy Duck
• Anas bahamensis – White-cheeked Pintail
• Anas albeola & Anas rustica – Bufflehead ^[6]
• Anas bucephala – Common Goldeneye ^[6]
• Anas clypeata – Northern Shoveler
• Anas platyrhynchos, Anas boschas & Anas adunca – Mallard
• Anas strepera – Gadwall
• Anas clangula & Anas glaucion – Common Goldeneye
• Anas perspicillata – Surf Scoter ^[6]
• Anas penelope – Eurasian Wigeon
• Anas acuta – Northern Pintail
• Anas hyemalis – Long-tailed Duck ^[6]
• Anas ferina – Common Pochard
• Anas querquedula & Anas circia – Garganey
• Anas crecca – Common Teal
• Anas histrionica & Anas minuta – Harlequin Duck ^[6]
• Anas autumnalis – Black-bellied Whistling Duck
• Anas galericulata – Mandarin Duck
• Anas sponsa – Wood Duck ^[6]
• Anas arborea – West Indian Whistling Duck
• Anas fuligula – Tufted Duck

Mergus (mergansers)

• Mergus cucullatus – Hooded Merganser ^[6]
• Mergus merganser – Common Merganser
• Mergus serrator – Red-breasted merganser
• Mergus albellus & Mergus minutus – Smew

Alca (auks)

• Alca torda – Razorbill
• Alca impennis – Great Auk
• Alca arctica – Atlantic Puffin
• Alca lomvia – Thick-billed Murre
• Alca grylle – Black Guillemot
• Alca alle – Little Auk ^[6]

Procellaria (petrels)

• Procellaria pelagica – European Storm-petrel
• Procellaria aequinoctialis – White-chinned Petrel
• Procellaria capensis – Cape Petrel

Diomedea (albatrosses & penguins)

• Diomedea exulans – Wandering Albatross
• Diomedea demersa – African Penguin ^[17]

Pelecanus (pelicans & kin)

• Pelecanus onocrotalus – Great White Pelican
• Pelecanus aquilus – Ascension Frigatebird
• Pelecanus carbo – Great Cormorant
• Pelecanus bassanus – Northern Gannet ^[6]
• Pelecanus piscator – Red-footed Booby

Phaethon (tropicbirds)

• Phaethon aethereus – Red-billed Tropicbird
• Phaethon demersus

Colymbus (grebes & loons)^{[Note 1]}

• Colymbus arcticus – Black-throated Loon ^[6]
• Colymbus cristatus – Great Crested Grebe
• Colymbus auritus – Horned Grebe ^[6]
• Colymbus podiceps – Pied-billed Grebe

Larus (gulls)

• Larus tridactylus – Black-legged Kittiwake
• Larus canus – Common Gull
• Larus marinus – Great Black-backed Gull
• Larus fuscus – Lesser Black-backed Gull
• Larus atricilla – Laughing Gull ^[6]
• Larus parasiticus – Parasitic Jaeger ^[6]

Sterna (terns)

• Sterna stolida – Brown Noddy ^[6]
• Sterna hirundo – Common Tern
• Sterna nigra – Black Tern

Rhyncops (skimmers)

• Rhyncops nigra & Rhyncops fulva – Black Skimmer

Grallae

Phoenicopterus (flamingoes)

• Phoenicopterus ruber – American Flamingo ^[6]

Platalea (spoonbills)

• Platalea leucorodia – Eurasian Spoonbill
• Platalea ajaja – Roseate Spoonbill
• Platalea pygmea – Spoon-billed Sandpiper

Mycteria (storks)

• Mycteria americana – Wood Stork

Tantalus

• Tantalus loculator – the "Wood Ibis", a synonym for the Wood Stork ^[18]

Ardea (herons, cranes & kin)

• Ardea pavonina – Black Crowned Crane
• Ardea virgo – Demoiselle Crane
• Ardea canadensis – Sandhill Crane
• Ardea grus – Common Crane
• Ardea americana – Whooping Crane
• Ardea antigone – Sarus Crane
• Ardea ciconia – White Stork
• Ardea nigra – Black Stork
• Ardea nycticorax – Black-crowned Night Heron
• Ardea cinerea – Grey Heron
• Ardea herodias – Great Blue Heron
• Ardea violacea – Yellow-crowned Night Heron
• Ardea caerulea – Little Blue Heron
• Ardea striata – Striated Heron
• Ardea virescens – Green Heron
• Ardea stellaris – Eurasian Bittern
• Ardea alba – Great Egret
• Ardea ibis – Cattle Egret
• Ardea aequinoctialis

Scolopax (godwits, ibises & kin)

• Scolopax rubra – Scarlet Ibis
• Scolopax alba & Scolopax fusca – American White Ibis ^[19]
• Scolopax totanus – Common Redshank
• Scolopax arquata – Eurasian Curlew
• Scolopax phaeopus – Whimbrel
• Scolopax rusticola – Eurasian Woodcock
• Scolopax fedoa – Marbled Godwit
• Scolopax glottis – Common Greenshank (now Tringa nebularia) ^[20]
• Scolopax limosa – Black-tailed Godwit
• Scolopax gallinago – Common Snipe
• Scolopax lapponica & Scolopax aegocephala – Bar-tailed Godwit ^[21]
• Scolopax haemastica – Hudsonian Godwit

Tringa (phalaropes and sandpipers)

• Tringa pugnax – Ruff
• Tringa vanellus – Northern Lapwing
• Tringa gambetta – Common Redshank ^[22]
• Tringa interpres – Ruddy Turnstone
• Tringa lobata – Red-necked Phalarope
• Tringa fulicaria – Red Phalarope
• Tringa alpina – Dunlin
• Tringa ocrophus – Green Sandpiper
• Tringa hypoleucos – Common Sandpiper
• Tringa canutus – Red Knot
• Tringa glareola – Wood Sandpiper
• Tringa littorea – Common Greenshank (now Tringa nebularia) ^[23]
• Tringa squatarola – Grey Plover

Charadrius (plovers)

• Charadrius cristatus
• Charadrius hiaticula – Ringed Plover
• Charadrius alexandrinus – Kentish Plover
• Charadrius vociferus – Killdeer
• Charadrius aegyptius – Egyptian Plover
• Charadrius morinellus – Eurasian Dotterel
• Charadrius apricarius & Charadrius pluvialis – Eurasian Golden Plover ^[24]
• Charadrius oedicnemus – Eurasian Stone-curlew
• Charadrius himantopus – Black-winged Stilt
• Charadrius spinosus – Spur-winged Lapwing

Recurvirostra (avocets)

• Recurvirostra avosetta – Pied Avocet

Haematopus (oystercatchers)

• Haematopus ostralegus – Eurasian Oystercatcher

Fulica (coots & kin)

• Fulica atra – Eurasian Coot
• Fulica chloropus – Common Moorhen
• Fulica porphyrio – Purple Swamphen
• Fulica spinosa – Northern Jacana

Rallus (rails)

• Rallus crex – Corn Crake
• Rallus aquaticus – Water Rail
• Rallus lariformis
• Rallus benghalensis – Greater Painted Snipe
• Rallus carolinus – Sora

Psophia (Trumpeters)

• Psophia crepitans – Grey-winged Trumpeter

Otis (bustards)

• Otis tarda – Great Bustard
• Otis arabs – Arabian Bustard
• Otis tetrax – Little Bustard
• Otis afra – Black Bustard

Struthio (ratites)

• Struthio camelus – Ostrich
• Struthio casuarius – Southern Cassowary
• Struthio americanus – Greater Rhea
• Struthio cucullatus – Dodo

Gallinae

Pavo (peafowl)

• Pavo cristatus – Indian Peafowl
• Pavo bicalcaratus – Grey Peacock-pheasant

Meleagris (turkeys)

• Meleagris gallopavo & Meleagris cristata? – Wild Turkey
• Meleagris satyra – Satyr Tragopan

Crax (curassows)

• Crax nigra – Black Curassow
• Crax rubra – Great Curassow

Phasianus (pheasants & chickens)

• Phasianus gallus – Red Junglefowl & Domesticated Chicken
• Phasianus meleagris – Helmeted Guineafowl
• Phasianus colchicus – Common Pheasant
• Phasianus pictus – Golden Pheasant
• Phasianus nycthemerus – Silver Pheasant

Tetrao (grouse & kin)

• Tetrao urogallus – Western Capercaillie
• Tetrao tetrix – Black Grouse
• Tetrao canadensis – Spruce Grouse
• Tetrao lagopus – Willow Grouse
• Tetrao phasianellus – Sharp-tailed Grouse
• Tetrao cupido – Greater Prairie Chicken
• Tetrao bonasia – Hazel Grouse
• Tetrao rufus – Red-legged Partridge
• Tetrao perdix – Grey Partridge
• Tetrao virginianus & Tetrao marilandicus – Northern Bobwhite
• Tetrao orientalis – Black-bellied Sandgrouse
• Tetrao coturnix – Common Quail

Passeres

Columba (pigeons & doves)

• Columba oenas – Stock Pigeon
• Columba gutturosa
• Columba cucullata
• Columba turbita
• Columba tremula
• Columba tabellaria
• Columba montana – Ruddy Quail-Dove
• Columba asiatica – White-winged Dove
• Columba guinea – Speckled Pigeon
• Columba hispanica
• Columba palumbus – Common Wood Pigeon
• Columba cyanocephala – Blue-headed Quail-dove
• Columba leucocephala – White-crowned Pigeon
• Columba leucoptera
• Columba nicobarica – Nicobar Pigeon
• Columba macroura – Mourning Dove
• Columba sinica
• Columba indica – Emerald Dove
• Columba hispida
• Columba turtur – Turtle Dove
• Columba risoria – Barbary Dove
• Columba passerina – Common Ground Dove

Alauda (larks & pipits)

• Alauda arvensis – Skylark
• Alauda pratensis – Meadow Pipit
• Alauda arborea – Woodlark
• Alauda campestris – Tawny Pipit
• Alauda trivialis – Tree Pipit
• Alauda cristata – Crested Lark
• Alauda spinoletta – Water Pipit
• Alauda alpestris – Shore Lark
• Alauda magna – Eastern Meadowlark

Sturnus (starlings)

• Sturnus vulgaris – European Starling
• Sturnus luteolus
• Sturnus contra – Asian Pied Starling
• Sturnus cinclus – White-throated Dipper

Turdus (thrushes & kin)

• Turdus viscivorus – Mistle Thrush
• Turdus pilaris – Fieldfare
• Turdus iliacus – Redwing ^{[Note 2]}
• Turdus musicus – a suppressed name for the Song Thrush (now Turdus philomelos Brehm, 1831)^{[Note 2]}
• Turdus canorus – Chinese Hwamei
• Turdus rufus – Brown Thrasher
• Turdus polyglottos – Northern Mockingbird
• Turdus orpheus
• Turdus plumbeus – Red-legged Thrush
• Turdus crinitus – Great Crested Flycatcher
• Turdus roseus – Rosy Starling
• Turdus merula – Common Blackbird
• Turdus torquatus – Ring Ouzel
• Turdus solitarius – Blue Rock-thrush
• Turdus arundinaceus – Great Reed Warbler
• Turdus virens – Yellow-breasted Chat

Loxia (cardinals, bullfinches & kin)

• Loxia curvirostra – Common Crossbill
• Loxia coccothraustes – Hawfinch
• Loxia enucleator – Pine Grosbeak
• Loxia pyrrhula – Eurasian Bullfinch
• Loxia cardinalis – Northern Cardinal
• Loxia dominicana – Red-cowled Cardinal
• Loxia cristata
• Loxia mexicana
• Loxia eryocephala – Red-headed Finch
• Loxia flavicans
• Loxia oryzivora – Java Sparrow
• Loxia panicivora
• Loxia punctulata – Scaly-breasted Munia
• Loxia hordeacea – Black-winged Red Bishop
• Loxia sanguinirostris
• Loxia astrild – Common Waxbill
• Loxia cyanea
• Loxia lineola – Lined Seedeater
• Loxia mexicana
• Loxia chloris – European Greenfinch
• Loxia butyracea
• Loxia collaria
• Loxia benghalensis – Black-throated Weaver
• Loxia malabarica – Indian Silverbill
• Loxia fusca
• Loxia melanocephala – Black-headed Weaver
• Loxia cana
• Loxia nigra – Cuban Bullfinch
• Loxia caerulea – Blue Grosbeak
• Loxia violacea – Greater Antillean Bullfinch
• Loxia minuta – Ruddy-breasted Seedeater
• Loxia bicolor

Emberiza (buntings)

• Emberiza nivalis – Snow Bunting
• Emberiza calandra – Corn Bunting
• Emberiza hortulana – Ortolan Bunting
• Emberiza citrinella – Yellowhammer
• Emberiza orix – Southern Red Bishop
• Emberiza quelea – Red-billed Quelea
• Emberiza militaris – Red-breasted Blackbird
• Emberiza atrata
• Emberiza familiaris
• Emberiza flaveola
• Emberiza psittacea
• Emberiza paradisaea – Long-tailed Paradise Whydah
• Emberiza ciris – Painted Bunting
• Emberiza alario – Black-headed Canary

Fringilla (finches & kin)

• Fringilla oryzivora – Bobolink
• Fringilla coelebs – Chaffinch
• Fringilla montifringilla- Brambling
• Fringilla lulensis
• Fringilla lapponica – Lapland Longspur
• Fringilla sylvatica
• Fringilla melancholica
• Fringilla erythrophthalma – Eastern Towhee
• Fringilla carduelis – European Goldfinch
• Fringilla melba – Green-winged Pytilia
• Fringilla amandava – Red Munia
• Fringilla gyrola – Bay-headed Tanager
• Fringilla rubra – Summer Tanager
• Fringilla tristis – American Goldfinch
• Fringilla zena – Western Spindalis
• Fringilla brasiliana
• Fringilla butyracea
• Fringilla canaria – Canary
• Fringilla spinus – Eurasian Siskin
• Fringilla flammea – Common Redpoll
• Fringilla flavirostris – Twite
• Fringilla cannabina – Linnet
• Fringilla linaria
• Fringilla angolensis – Blue-breasted Cordon-bleu
• Fringilla violacea – Violaceous Euphonia
• Fringilla schoeniclus – Reed Bunting
• Fringilla domestica – House Sparrow
• Fringilla montana – Eurasian Tree Sparrow
• Fringilla chinensis
• Fringilla hyemalis – Dark-eyed Junco
• Fringilla zena – Black-faced Grassquit

Motacilla (wagtails)

• Motacilla luscinia – Thrush Nightingale
• Motacilla calidris – [nomen dubium] ^[26]
• Motacilla modularis – Dunnock
• Motacilla schoenobaenus – Sedge Warbler
• Motacilla campestris – Orangequit
• Motacilla curruca – Lesser Whitethroat
• Motacilla hippolais
• Motacilla salicaria
• Motacilla sylvia
• Motacilla philomela
• Motacilla ficedula
• Motacilla alba – White Wagtail
• Motacilla flava – Yellow Wagtail
• Motacilla tiphia – Common Iora
• Motacilla ruticilla – American Redstart
• Motacilla hispanica – Black-eared Wheatear
• Motacilla oenanthe – Northern Wheatear
• Motacilla rubetra – Whinchat
• Motacilla atricapilla – Blackcap
• Motacilla emeria – Red-whiskered Bulbul
• Motacilla phoenicurus – Common Redstart
• Motacilla erithacus
• Motacilla titys – female of the Common Redstart ^[27]
• Motacilla svecica – Bluethroat
• Motacilla sialis – Eastern Bluebird
• Motacilla velia – Opal-rumped Tanager
• Motacilla spiza – Green Honeycreeper
• Motacilla rubecula – European Robin
• Motacilla troglodytes – Eurasian Wren
• Motacilla regulus – Goldcrest
• Motacilla trochilus & Motacilla acredula – Willow Warbler
• Motacilla pendulinus – European Penduline Tit
• Motacilla minuta

Parus (tits & manakins)

• Parus cristatus – Crested Tit
• Parus major – Great Tit
• Parus americanus – Northern Parula
• Parus caeruleus – Blue Tit
• Parus ater – Coal Tit
• Parus palustris – Marsh Tit
• Parus caudatus – Long-tailed Tit
• Parus biarmicus – Bearded Reedling
• Parus pipra – White-crowned Manakin
• Parus erythrocephalus – Golden-headed Manakin
• Parus aureola – Crimson-hooded Manakin
• Parus cela – Yellow-rumped Cacique

Hirundo (swallows & swifts)

• Hirundo rustica – Barn Swallow
• Hirundo esculenta – Glossy Swiftlet
• Hirundo urbica – Common House Martin
• Hirundo riparia – Sand Martin
• Hirundo apus – Common Swift
• Hirundo subis – Purple Martin
• Hirundo pelagica – Chimney Swift
• Hirundo melba – Alpine Swift

Caprimulgus (nightjars)

• Caprimulgus europaeus – European Nightjar
• Caprimulgus americanus – Jamaican Pauraque

Notes

References

10th edition (1758) of Systema Naturae by Carl Linnaeus List of species Mammalia, Aves, Amphibia, Pisces, Insecta (Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Aptera), Vermes